![]() The solution was kept overnight to obtain the paper pulp slurry. Paperboards were cut into pieces, and boiled water was added to prepare a 5% solution. Even hot beverage cups maintain sipping temperature for a longer duration with the combination of PCM layer and insulation layer. The combination of the vacuum insulation panel and PCM panel in a small container package can maintain the temperature in the range of 2–8 ☌ for 72 h without any refrigeration system. Improvement in insulation performance increases temperature maintenance time. These heavy plates are useful only for big containers. Such composite structures are suitable for transporting food items without refrigeration in 6–9 h. These cold plates were designed in fixed dimensions by large scale manufacturers. These plates were charged at the phase transition temperature of PCM by passing refrigerant through it. PCM encapsulated into metal cold plates ensured uniform distribution of PCM along the reefer’s walls. Energy consumption of reefer transported food items was reduced by combining PCM into the insulation walls of vehicles. ![]() This arrangement increased temperature retention time from 3 min to 30 min. It required a zip lock bag of plastic crisper size to maintain a uniform weight of PCM along walls. The microencapsulated PCM was in powder form. used microencapsulated PCM stored in a zip lock bag to transport meat package from a plastic crisper while maintaining a temperature around 4 ☌. Many research groups have used PCM in delivering temperature-sensitive food products. ![]() These envelopes are made from non-biodegradable plastic. The secondary envelopes of commercially available PCMs come in the form of rigid slabs or flexible pouches. These PCMs require an additional envelope to avoid leakage. Generally, PCMs used for packaging applications undergo a solid to liquid phase transition. PCM absorbs a large amount of heat at its phase transition temperature and releases heat to a cooler environment to establish a hot food temperature. Such products can be complemented with phase change material (PCM) pouches which assure temperature maintenance. Delay in delivery of food packages caused due to interventions in supply chain activities reduces the temperature of food products. Hot served food items are maintained around a temperature of 60 ☌. ![]()
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